Solar energy is the energy harnessed from the sun’s radiation. It is a renewable energy source that can be captured using various technologies, including solar panels, solar thermal collectors, and solar concentrators. Solar energy can be converted into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, where sunlight generates electrical currents in solar cells, or it can be used for heating water or air in residential and industrial applications. As a clean energy source, solar energy reduces reliance on fossil fuels, decreases greenhouse gas emissions, and contributes to a more sustainable energy future. The utilization of solar energy plays a significant role in addressing climate change and promoting energy independence.
Kesterite solar cells, especially CZTS, are made from non-toxic and abundant materials, making them environmentally friendly. Current efficiency of CZTS cells is at 11.4%, significantly lower than traditional silicon cells.…